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Carolingian Renaissance
The Carolingian Renaissance, the first of three medieval renaissances, was a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire occurring from the late eighth century to the ninth century, taking inspiration from the Christian Roman Empire of the 4th century. During this period there was an increase of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies.
The Carolingian Renaissance occurred mostly during the reigns of the Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. It was supported by the scholars of the Carolingian court, notably Alcuin of York.〔G.W. Trompf, "The concept of the Carolingian Renaissance", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', 1973:3ff.〕 Charlemagne's ''Admonitio generalis'' (789) and his ''Epistola de litteris colendis'' served as manifestos.
The effects of this cultural revival were largely limited to a small group of court ''literati'': "it had a spectacular effect on education and culture in Francia, a debatable effect on artistic endeavors, and an unmeasurable effect on what mattered most to the Carolingians, the moral regeneration of society," John Contreni observes.〔John G. Contreni, "The Carolingian Renaissance", in Warren T. Treadgold, ed. ''Renaissances before the Renaissance: cultural revivals of late antiquity and the Middle Ages'' 1984:59; see also Janet L. Nelson, "On the limits of the Carolingian renaissance" in her ''Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe'', 1986.〕 Beyond their efforts to write better Latin, to copy and preserve patristic and classical texts, and to develop a more legible, classicizing script, the Carolingian minuscule that Renaissance humanists took to be Roman and employed as humanist minuscule, from which has developed early modern Italic script, the secular and ecclesiastical leaders of the Carolingian Renaissance for the first time in centuries applied rational ideas to social issues, providing a common language and writing style that allowed for communication across most of Europe.
==Import==
Kenneth Clark was of the view that by means of the Carolingian Renaissance, Western civilization survived by the skin of its teeth.〔Clark, ''Civilization''.〕 However, the use of the term ''renaissance'' to describe this period is contested〔Notably by Lynn Thorndike, as in his "Renaissance or Prenaissance?" in ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', 4 (1943:65ff)〕 due to the majority of changes brought about by this period being confined almost entirely to the clergy, and due to the period lacking the wide-ranging social movements of the later Italian Renaissance.〔Scott pg 30〕 Instead of being a rebirth of new cultural movements, the period was more an attempt to recreate the previous culture of the Roman Empire.〔Cantor pg 190〕 The Carolingian Renaissance in retrospect also has some of the character of a false dawn, in that its cultural gains were largely dissipated within a couple of generations, a perception voiced by Walahfrid Strabo (died 849), in his introduction to Einhard's ''Life of Charlemagne'',〔Einhard's use of the Roman historian Suetonius as a model for the new genre of biography is itself a marker for the Carolingian Renaissance; see M. Innes, "The classical tradition in the Carolingian Renaissance: Ninth-century encounters with Suetonius", ''International Journal of the Classical Tradition'', 1997.〕 summing up the generation of renewal:
Charlemagne was able to offer the cultureless and, I might say, almost completely unenlightened territory of the realm which God had entrusted to him, a new enthusiasm for all human knowledge. In its earlier state of barbarousness, his kingdom had been hardly touched at all by any such zeal, but now it opened its eyes to God's illumination. In our own time the thirst for knowledge is disappearing again: the light of wisdom is less and less sought after and is now becoming rare again in most men's minds.〔Lewis Thorpe, tr., Einhard and Notker the Stammerer, ''Two Lives of Charlemagne'', 1969:49f.〕
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